TM 9-3418-200-14 & P
Use lag screws or bolts to secure the shaper to the floor. Check the leveling of the shaper again after bolting It to the floor.
CUTTING TOOLS AND HOLDERS
A variety of types both in tools and tool holders can be used in the shaper. The straight-shank tool holder holds the tool
parallel with the front and rear surfaces of the tool holder. As the tool is held parallel with these surfaces, it is at right
angles to the direction of the stroke. Thus the clearance angles which are needed for cutting are easily determined and
ground without having to take into consideration the inclined angle of the tool. With the adjustable head of the tool holder,
the tool may be turned either to the right or the left, still maintaining the same attack angle to the work.
The shape of the tool varies considerably with the character of the work. To give examples of the various shapes of tools,
for all purposes and at the same time to satisfy every individual mechanic's preference for form would be extremely
difficult. There are certain principles, however, which the beginner must follow in order to use and grind cutting tools
efficiently. The shape or form of the tool depends upon the shape of the cut, the kind of finish required, and the kind of
material to be machined. The rake, the cutting angle, and the clearances, on the other hand, depend principally upon the
nature of the material.
In order to more fully understand the grinding of cutting tools, study figures 7 and 8 showing the various terms to designate
parts of a single-point cutting tool and the working angles used in grinding them. The following terms are accepted
standards used in connection with shaper cutting tools.
POINT --The point is that part of the tool which is shaped to produce the cutting edges and face.
SHANK --The shank is that part of the tool on one end of which the point is formed or the bit is supported. The shank in
turn is supported in the tool holder of the machine.
FACE --The face is that surface on which the chip rolls or flows as it is cut from the work.
CUTTING EDGE --The cutting edge is that portion of the face edge along which the chip Is separated from the work. The
cutting edge usually consists of --the side-cutting edge, the nose radius, and the end-cutting edge.
SHAPE --The shape of the tool is the contour of the face when viewed as presented to the work.
WORKING ANGLES --The working angles are those angles between tool and work which depend on the shape of the tool
and on its position with respect to the work.
CUTTING ANGLES --The cutting angle is the angle between the face of the tool and the surface to the machined surface
at the point of cutting. It equals 90 minus the tru-rake angle.
LIP ANGLE --The lip angle is the included angle of the tool between the face and the ground flank measured in a plane at
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